The primary reason that the medical profession achieved cultural authority was because of

1. Cheng TO. How Laënnec invented the stethoscope. Int J Cardiol 2007;118:281-5. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.06.067 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

2. Topol E. The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care. Basic Books, 2013. [Google Scholar]

3. Druss BG, Marcus SC. Growth and decentralization of the medical literature: implications for evidence-based medicine. J Med Libr Assoc 2005;93:499-501. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Barham V, Devlin RA, Wang X. Empowered patient or empowered physician: an analysis of the importance of the empowered patient in the health delivery system. Cah Sociol Demogr Med 2008;48:9-39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Engstrom PF. Physician burnout. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2013;11:502-4. 10.6004/jnccn.2013.0062 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Irvine D. The changing relationship between the public and the medical profession. J R Soc Med 2001;94:162-69. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Johnston SE. Professionalism: an ideal to be sustained. Lancet 2000;356:156-9. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02458-2 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

8. Armstrong D. Medicine as a profession: times of change. BMJ 1990;301:691-3. 10.1136/bmj.301.6754.691 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

9. Aluttis C, Bishaw T, Frank MW. The workforce for health in a globalized context - global shortages and international migration. Glob Health Action 2014;7:23611 10.3402/gha.v7.23611 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

10. Lupton D. The digitally engaged patient: Self-monitoring and self-care in the digital health era. Soc Theory Heal 2013;11:256-70. 10.1057/sth.2013.10 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

11. Ferguson T. Doc Tom. Available online: http://www.doctom.com/

12. Fox S. The Engaged E-patient Population. Pew Internet Am Life Proj 2008:1-4. [Google Scholar]

13. Jadad AR, Rizo CA, Enkin MW, et al. I am a good patient, believe it or not. BMJ 2003;326:1293-5. 10.1136/bmj.326.7402.1293 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

14. Grady C. Enduring and emerging challenges of informed consent. N Engl J Med 2015;372:855-62. 10.1056/NEJMra1411250 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

15. TEDxMaastricht - Bas Bloem - “From God to Guide”. 2011. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnDWt10Maf8

16. Eysenbach G. What is e-health? J Med Internet Res 2001;3:E20. 10.2196/jmir.3.2.e20 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

17. Perednia DA. Telemedicine Technology and Clinical Applications. JAMA 1995;273:483. 10.1001/jama.1995.03520300057037 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

18. Van De Belt TH, Engelen LJ, Berben SA, et al. Definition of Health 2.0 and Medicine 2.0: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2010;12:e18. 10.2196/jmir.1350 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

19. Steinhubl SR, Muse ED, Topol EJ. Can mobile health technologies transform health care? JAMA 2013;310:2395-6. 10.1001/jama.2013.281078 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

20. Ayers DJ, Menachemi N, Ramamonjiarivelo Z, et al. Adoption of electronic medical records: the role of network effects. J Prod Brand Manag 2009;18:127-35. 10.1108/10610420910949022 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

21. Kuhn TS. The structure of scientific revolutions, Vol. 57. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1996:59-75. [Google Scholar]

22. Grant RW, Wald JS, Schnipper JL, et al. Practice-linked online personal health records for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1776-82. 10.1001/archinte.168.16.1776 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

23. Wagner PJ, Dias J, Howard S, et al. Personal health records and hypertension control: a randomized trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2012;19:626-34. 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000349 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

24. Tuil WS, Verhaak CM, Braat DD, et al. Empowering patients undergoing in vitro fertilization by providing Internet access to medical data. Fertil Steril 2007;88:361-8. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.197 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Haggstrom DA, Saleem JJ, Russ AL, et al. Lessons learned from usability testing of the VA’s personal health record. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2011;18:i13-7. 10.1136/amiajnl-2010-000082 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Keefe FJ, Huling DA, Coggins MJ, et al. Virtual reality for persistent pain: A new direction for behavioral pain management. Pain 2012;153:2163-6. 10.1016/j.pain.2012.05.030 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

27. Mosadeghi S, Reid MW, Martinez B, et al. Feasibility of an Immersive Virtual Reality Intervention for Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Cohort Study. JMIR Ment Health 2016;3:e28. 10.2196/mental.5801 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. pwc. Empowering the sleep apnea patient. How online patient engagement tools improve adherence to treatment. Available online: http://www.resmed.com/epn/content/dam/resmed/global/documents/epn/pwc-report-effects-of-myair-6.pdf

29. Fahy E, Hardikar R, Fox A, et al. Quality of patient health information on the internet: Reviewing a complex and evolving landscape. Australas Med J 2014;7:24-8. 10.4066/AMJ.2014.1900 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Marks P. Hacked to death. New Scientist 2014;224:19. [Google Scholar]

31. Ernst E. Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination. Vaccine 2001;20 Suppl 1:S90-3; discussion S89. [PubMed]

32. Hekler EB, Buman MP, Grieco L, et al. Validation of physical activity tracking via Android smartphones compared to ActiGraph accelerometer: Laboratory-based and free-living validation studies. JMIR mHealth uHealth 2015;3:e36. 10.2196/mhealth.3505 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

33. Plante TB, Urrea B, MacFarlane ZT, et al. Validation of the Instant Blood Pressure Smartphone App. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:700-2. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.0157 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

34. Lewis D, Leibrand S. Real-World Use of Open Source Artificial Pancreas Systems. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016;10:1411. 10.1177/1932296816665635 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

35. Telegraph Reporters. Record numbers of cancer patients using crowdfunding to pay for private treatment not available on NHS. Telegraph 2017. Available online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/04/record-numbers-cancer-patients-using-crowdfunding-pay-private/

36. F1 fan receives bionic hand from Mercedes team. Telegraph 2011; Available online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/8700621/F1-fan-receives-bionic-hand-from-Mercedes-team.html

37. The European Health Literacy Project 2009-2012. Available online: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/76600e_4899bb3c9c8e4a8db213d60e3a2de16f.pdf

38. World Health Organization. Health Literacy [Internet]. 2013. Available online: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/190655/e96854.pdf

39. Sørensen K, Pelikan JM, Rothlin F, et al. Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). Eur J Public Health 2015;25:1053-8. 10.1093/eurpub/ckv043 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

40. Mackert M, Mabry-Flynn A, Champlin S, et al. Health literacy and health information technology adoption: The potential for a new digital divide. J Med Internet Res 2016;18:e264. 10.2196/jmir.6349 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Leckart S. The Blood Test Gets a Makeover. Wired 2010. Available online: https://www.wired.com/2010/11/ff_bloodwork/

42. Katz S. Combine design thinking and digital health to provide for the underserved. Techcrunch 2016; Available online: https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/21/combine-design-thinking-and-digital-health-to-provide-for-the-underserved/

43. Mesko B. Peek into the Future of Hospitals: Smart Design, Technologies and Our Homes. The Medical Futurist 2017. Available online: http://medicalfuturist.com/peek-into-the-future-of-hospitals/

44. Del Canale S, Louis DZ, Maio V, et al. The Relationship Between Physician Empathy and Disease Complications. Acad Med 2012;87:1243-9. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182628fbf [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

45. Mesko B, Győrffy Z, Kollár J. Digital Literacy in the Medical Curriculum: A Course With Social Media Tools and Gamification. JMIR Med Educ 2015;1:e6. 10.2196/mededu.4411 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

46. FDA. Patient Engagement Advisory Committee. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/patientengagementadvisorycommittee/default.htm

47. Prainsack B. The Powers of Participatory Medicine. PLoS Biol 2014;12:e1001837. 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001837 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

48. deBronkart D. How the e-patient community helped save my life: an essay by Dave deBronkart. BMJ 2013;346:f1990. 10.1136/bmj.f1990 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

49. Prensky MH. Sapiens Digital: From Digital Immigrants and Digital Natives to Digital Wisdom Digital Wisdom. Journal of Online Education 2009;5:1-9. [Google Scholar]

Page 2

Vital signs and health parameters digital health technologies can directly provide patients with