Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011, [http://www.britannica.com/]
Maltby E: An Environmental and Ecological Study of the Marshlands of Mesopotamia. Draft Consultative Bulletin. 1994, Wetland Ecosystem Research Group, University of Exter: AMAR Appeal Trust, London
Google Scholar
Evans MI: The ecosystem. The Iraqi Marshlands: A human and environmental study. Edited by: Nicholson E, Clark P. 2002, London: Politico's, 201-219.
Google Scholar
Richardson CJ, Reiss P, Hussain NA, Alwash AJ, Pool DJ: The restoration potential of the Mesopotamian marshes of Iraq. Science. 2005, 307: 1307-1311. 10.1126/science.1105750.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Soltysiak A: Physical anthropology and the "Sumerian problem". Studies in Historical Anthropology. 2006, 4145-158.
Google Scholar
von Soden W: Einführung in die Altorientalistik. Darmstadt. 1985
Google Scholar
Oppenheim AL: Ancient Mesopotamia. Portrait of a dead civilization. 1977, London, University of Chicago Press
Google Scholar
Thesiger W: The Marsh Arabs. 1964, Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books
Google Scholar
Ochsenschlager E: Ethnographic evidence for wood, boats, bitumen and reeds in southern Iraq: ethnoarchaeology at al-Hiba. Bulletin on Sumerian agriculture. Cambridge. 1992, 6: 47-78.
Google Scholar
Al-Hilli MR: Studies on the plant ecology of the Ahwar region in southern Iraq. PhD thesis. 1977, University of Cairo
Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A: The History and Geography of Human Genes. 1994, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Google Scholar
Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G, Magri C, Passarino G, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS: Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2003, 28: 458-472. 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS: Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 74: 1023-1034. 10.1086/386295.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Underhill PA, Semino O: Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009, 17: 820-830. 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF: New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y-chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Res. 2008, 18: 830-838. 10.1101/gr.7172008.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
International Society Of Genetic Genealogy. [http://www.isogg.org]
The Y Chromosome Consortium: A nomenclature system for tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups. Genome Res. 2002, 12: 339-348. 10.1101/gr.217602.
Article Google Scholar
The Y- chromosome consortium: [http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu]
Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoglu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GI, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA: Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Hum Genet. 2004, 114: 127-148. 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
STR DNA Internet Data Base. [http://www.cstl.nist.gov/biotech/strbase/y20prim.htm]
Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, Howell N: Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet. 1999, 23: 147-10.1038/13779.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
van Oven M, Kayser M: Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Hum Mutat. 2009, 30: E386-394. 10.1002/humu.20921.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Coudray C, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Pala M, Melhaoui M, Cherkaoui M, El-Chennawi F, Kossmann M, Torroni A, Dugoujon JM: The complex and diversified mitochondrial gene pool of Berber populations. Ann Hum Genet. 2009, 73: 196-214. 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Nei M: Molecular evolutionary genetics. 1987, New York: Columbia University Press
Google Scholar
Golden software Inc: Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA, [http://www.goldensoftware.com/]
Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioğlu C, Kayser M, Morar B, Kivisild T, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, Chambers GK, Herrera RJ, Yong KK, Gresham D, Tournev I, Feldman MW, Kalaydjieva L: The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population divergence time. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 74: 50-61. 10.1086/380911.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CT, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA: Polarity and temporality of high resolution Y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Am J Hum Genet. 2006, 78: 202-221. 10.1086/499411.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wilson I, Weale D, Balding M: Inferences from DNA data: population histories, evolutionary processes and forensic match probabilities. J Roy Statist Soc A. 2003, 166: 155-188. 10.1111/1467-985X.00264.
Article Google Scholar
Tofanelli S, Ferri G, Bulayeva K, Caciagli L, Onofri V, Taglioli L, Bulayev O, Boschi I, Alù M, Berti A, Rapone C, Beduschi G, Luiselli D, Cadenas AM, Awadelkarim KD, Mariani-Costantini R, Elwali NE, Verginelli F, Pilli E, Herrera RJ, Gusmão L, Paoli G, Capelli C: J1-M267 Y lineage marks climate-driven pre-historical human displacements. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009, 17: 1520-1524. 10.1038/ejhg.2009.58.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ: Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree. Trends Genet. 2006, 22: 339-345. 10.1016/j.tig.2006.04.001.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Roostalu U, Kutuev I, Loogväli EL, Metspalu E, Tambets K, Reidla M, Khusnutdinova EK, Usanga E, Kivisild T, Villems R: Origin and expansion of haplogroup H, the dominant human mitochondrial DNA lineage in West Eurasia:the Near Eastern and Caucasian perspective. Mol Biol Evol. 2007, 24: 436-448.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Soares P, Achilli A, Semino O, Davies W, Macaulay V, Bandelt HJ, Torroni A, Richards MB: The archaeogenetics of Europe. Curr Biol. 2010, 20: R174-183. 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.054.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mellars P: Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science. 2006, 313: 796-800. 10.1126/science.1128402.
Achilli A, Rengo C, Magri C, Battaglia V, Olivieri A, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Zeviani M, Briem E, Carelli V, Moral P, Dugoujon JM, Roostalu U, Loogväli EL, Kivisild T, Bandelt HJ, Richards M, Villems R, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Semino O, Torroni A: The molecular dissection of mtDNA haplogroup H confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian glacial refuge was a major source for the European gene pool. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 75: 910-918. 10.1086/425590.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jobling MA, Tyler-Smith C: The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary marker comes of age. Nature Rev Genet. 2003, 4: 598-612.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Underhill PA, Kivisild T: Use of Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA population structure in tracing human migrations. Ann Rev Genet. 2007, 41: 539-564. 10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Quintana-Murci L, Krausz C, Zerjal T, Sayar SH, Hammer MF, Mehdi SQ, Ayub Q, Qamar R, Mohyuddin A, Radhakrishna U, Jobling MA, Tyler-Smith C, McElreavey K: Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in southwestern Asia. Am J Hum Genet. 2001, 68: 537-542. 10.1086/318200.
Chiaroni J, King R, Underhill P: Correlation of annual precipitation with human Y-chromosome diversity and the emergence of Neolithic agricultural and pastoral economies in the Fertile Crescent. Antiquity. 2008, 82: 281-289.
Article Google Scholar
Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM, Henn BM, Ducourneau A, Mitchell MJ, Boetsch G, Sheikha I, Lin AA, Nik-Ahd M, Ahmad J, Lattanzi F, Herrera RJ, Ibrahim ME, Brody A, Semino O, Kivisild T, Underhill PA: The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010, 18: 348-353. 10.1038/ejhg.2009.166.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Helgason A, Mazhar K, Mansoor A, Zerjal T, Tyler-Smith C, Mehdi SQ: Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan. Am J Hum Genet. 2002, 70: 1107-1124. 10.1086/339929.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, Metspalu E, Adojaan M, Tolk HV, Stepanov V, Gölge M, Usanga E, Papiha SS, Cinnioğlu C, King R, Cavalli-Sforza L, Underhill PA, Villems R: The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 313-332. 10.1086/346068.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sahoo S, Kashyap VK: Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006, 131: 84-97. 10.1002/ajpa.20399.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, Torroni A, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti SA: Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evol Biol. 2009, 9: 154-171. 10.1186/1471-2148-9-154.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J: High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet. 2001, 68: 1019-1029. 10.1086/319521.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C: A predominantly Neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 75: 338-345. 10.1086/423147.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V: Near Eastern Neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009, 140: 336-346. 10.1002/ajpa.21078.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Sun C, Yao YG, Salas A, Achilli A, Wang CY, Zhong L, Zhu CL, Wu SF, Torroni A, Zhang YP: Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations. Hum Mol Genet. 2006, 15: 2076-2086. 10.1093/hmg/ddl130.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T, Denisova G, Dambueva I, Perkova M, Dorzhu C, Luzina F, Lee HK, Vanecek T, Villems R, Zakharov I: Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in northern Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2007, 81: 1025-1041. 10.1086/522933.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Irwin JA, Saunier JL, Strouss KM, Diegoli TM, Sturk KA, O'Callaghan JE, Paintner CD, Hohoff C, Brinkmann B, Parsons TJ: Mitochondrial control region sequences from a Vietnamese population sample. Int J Legal Med. 2008, 122: 257-259. 10.1007/s00414-007-0205-3.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kivisild T, Bamshad MJ, Kaldma K, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Laos S, Parik J, Watkins WS, Dixon ME, Papiha SS, Mastana SS, Mir MR, Ferak V, Villems R: Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages. Curr Biol. 1999, 9: 1331-1334. 10.1016/S0960-9822(00)80057-3.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, Serk P, Karmin M, Behar DM, Gilbert MT, Endicott P, Mastana S, Papiha SS, Skorecki K, Torroni A, Villems R: Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. BMC Genet. 2004, 5: 26-50.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, Behar DM, Sayar H, Scozzari R, Rengo C, Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Coppa A, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Tyler-Smith C, Qasim Mehdi S, Torroni A, McElreavey K: Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 74: 827-845. 10.1086/383236.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chandrasekar A, Kumar S, Sreenath J, Sarkar BN, Urade BP, Mallick S, Bandopadhyay SS, Barua P, Barik SS, Basu D, Kiran U, Gangopadhyay P, Sahani R, Prasad BV, Gangopadhyay S, Lakshmi GR, Ravuri RR, Padmaja K, Venugopal PN, Sharma MB, Rao VR: Updating phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup m in India: dispersal of modern human in South Asian corridor. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e7447-10.1371/journal.pone.0007447.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, González AM: Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula. BMC Evol Biol. 2008, 8: 45-59. 10.1186/1471-2148-8-45.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Olivieri A, Achilli A, Pala M, Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Behar DM, Dugoujon JM, Coudray C, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Semino O, Bandelt HJ, Torroni A: The mtDNA legacy of the Levantine early Upper Palaeolithic in Africa. Science. 2006, 314: 1767-1770. 10.1126/science.1135566.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Alshamali F, Brandstätter A, Zimmermann B, Parson W: Mitochondrial DNA control region variation in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2008, 2: 9-10. 10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.07.002.
Article Google Scholar
Cerný V, Pereira L, Kujanová M, Vasíková A, Hájek M, Morris M, Mulligan CJ: Out of Arabia-the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2008, 138: 439-447.
Article Google Scholar
Seielstad MT, Minch E, Cavalli-Sforza LL: Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans. Nat Genet. 1998, 20: 278-280. 10.1038/3088.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Oota H, Settheetham-Ishida W, Tiwawech D, Ishida T, Stoneking M: Human mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation is correlated with matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. Nat Genet. 2001, 29: 20-21. 10.1038/ng711.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kayser M, Brauer S, Weiss G, Schiefenhövel W, Underhill P, Shen P, Oefner P, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Stoneking M: Reduced Y-chromosome, but not mitochondrial DNA, diversity in human populations from West New Guinea. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 281-302. 10.1086/346065.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Page 2
Haplogroupsa
Marsh Arabs
(N = 145)
Iraqisb (N = 176)
Haplogroupsa
Marsh Arabs
(N = 145)
Iraqisb (N = 176)
West Eurasia
77.8%
84.1%
West Eurasia (cont.)
R0
24.1%
33.5%
N
15.1%
6.8%
R0
0.7
-
I
0.7%
1.7%
R0a
6.9
4.0
I
0.7
0.6
I1
-
1.1
HV
4.1%
12.5%
HV*
3.4
9.1
N1
8.2%
2.3%
HV0a
0.7
-
N1b1
4.8
2.3
HV1
-
3.4
N1c
3.4
-
H
12.4%
17.0%
W
4.8%
1.1%
H*
7.6
10.8
W
2.7
1.1
H1
0.7
1.7
W4
0.7
-
H5
3.4
2.8
W6
1.4
-
H6b
-
0.6
X
1.4%
1.7%
H14a
0.7
1.1
X2
1.4
1.7
KU
15.9%
19.4%
North/East Africa
2.8%
1.8%
K
6.2%
4.6%
K1
4.1
3.4
M1a
1.4
0.6
K1a8
2.1
0.6
M1a1
-
0.6
K2
-
0.6
M1b2
1.4
-
U
9.7%
14.8%
U6a
-
0.6
U
-
1.1
U1a'c
-
2.3
Sub-Saharan Africa
4.9%
9.1%
U1b
-
0.6
U2e
-
0.6
L0a1'4
0.7
-
U3
5.5
2.8
L0a2
-
1.1
U3a
-
0.6
L1b
1.4
-
U3b1a1
-
0.6
L1c2
-
0.6
U4
2.1
4.0
L1c3a
-
0.6
U5a1
1.4
1.1
L2a1'2
0.7
-
U5b3
0.7
-
L2a1
0.7
2.8
U9
-
1.1
L3*
0.7
-
L3b
-
0.6
JT
22.7%
24.5%
L3e5
-
1.1
J
15.2%
11.9%
L3f
0.7
-
J1*
0.7
-
L3f1b
-
2.3
J1b
5.5
5.7
J1b1b
-
0.6
East Asia
1.4%
1.1%
J1c
2.1
1.1
J1d
0.7
1.1
B4
-
1.1
J1d1
-
1.1
B4c2
1.4
-
J1d2
-
0.6
J2a
4.1
1.7
Southwest Asia
10.4%**
4.0%
J2b
2.1
-
M*
0.7
-
T
7.6%
12.6%
M33a2a
0.7
-
T1a
3.4
2.3
M37e
1.4
-
T1a1
-
0.6
R2
2.8
-
T1b
2.1
2.8
R5a
-
0.6
T2
-
2.3
U2d
-
0.6
T2a1b
-
1.1
U7
4.8
2.8
T2b
0.7
0.6
T2c
-
2.3
Others
2.8%
-
T2c1
0.7
-
N*
0.7
-
T2e
0.7
0.6
R*
2.1
-
a nomenclature according to van Oven and Kayser, built 12 (20 July 2011) [22].
b included in the sample analysed by Al-Zahery et al. [12]; * indicates: groups of mtDNAs not belonging to any of the listed sub-haplogroups. For example, H* contains all H mtDNAs not belonging to the sub-clades investigated in this survey (H1, H5, H6, H14) ** value statically significant at p < 0.05.
