Bagaimana kamu menulis aku mencintaimu dalam kode python turtle?

Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon in 1967

Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

9, give it the command

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

0, and it moves (on-screen. ) 15 pixels in the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

1, and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise

Turtle star

Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple moves

from turtle import *
color('red', 'yellow')
begin_fill()
while True:
    forward(200)
    left(170)
    if abs(pos()) < 1:
        break
end_fill()
done()

By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures can easily be drawn

The module is an extended reimplementation of the same-named module from the Python standard distribution up to version Python 2. 5

It tries to keep the merits of the old turtle module and to be (nearly) 100% compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with the

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

3 switch

The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses for the underlying graphics, it needs a version of Python installed with Tk support

The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes

The class defines graphics windows as a playground for the drawing turtles. Its constructor needs a
```
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
```
6 or a as argument. It should be used when is used as part of some application
The function returns a singleton object of a subclass. This function should be used when is used as a standalone tool for doing graphics. As a singleton object, inheriting from its class is not possible
All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also exist as functions, i. e. as part of the procedure-oriented interface
(alias. ) defines Turtle objects which draw on a . Its constructor needs a Canvas, ScrolledCanvas or TurtleScreen as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw
Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass (alias.
```
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
```
06), which draws on “the” instance which is automatically created, if not already present
All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i. e. part of the procedure-oriented interface

The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods of the classes and . They have the same names as the corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle object is automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method is called

Untuk menggunakan banyak kura-kura di layar, seseorang harus menggunakan antarmuka berorientasi objek

Catatan

Dalam dokumentasi berikut, daftar argumen untuk fungsi diberikan. Metode, tentu saja, memiliki tambahan argumen pertama self yang dihilangkan di sini

Ikhtisar metode Turtle dan Screen yang tersedia

Metode penyu

Gerakan penyu Bergerak dan menggambar

. .

Beritahu keadaan Turtle

Pengaturan dan pengukuran

Kontrol pena Status gambar

. .

Kontrol warna

Isian

Lebih banyak kontrol gambar

Visibilitas keadaan kura-kura

Penampilan

Menggunakan acara

Metode Turtle khusus

Metode TurtleScreen/Screen

Kontrol jendela

Kontrol animasi

Menggunakan acara layar

Pengaturan dan metode khusus

Metode masukan

Metode khusus untuk Layar

Metode RawTurtle/Turtle dan fungsi terkait

Sebagian besar contoh di bagian ini mengacu pada instance Turtle yang disebut

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

Gerakan penyu

kura-kura. maju(jarak)kura-kura. fd(jarak) Parameter

jarak – angka (integer atau float)

Gerakkan kura-kura ke depan dengan jarak yang ditentukan, ke arah yang dituju kura-kura

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. back(distance)turtle. bk(distance)turtle. backward(distance) Parameters

distance – a number

Move the turtle backward by distance, opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

turtle. right(angle)turtle. rt(angle) Parameters

angle – a number (integer or float)

Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the and functions. ) Angle orientation depends on the turtle mode, see

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

turtle. left(angle)turtle. lt(angle) Parameter

angle – a number (integer or float)

Putar kura-kura ke kiri dengan satuan sudut. (Satuannya adalah derajat default, tetapi dapat diatur melalui fungsi dan. ) Orientasi sudut tergantung pada mode kura-kura, lihat

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

kura-kura. masukkan(x , y . =None)turtle.setpos(x , y . =None)turtle.setposisi(x , y=None)Parameters

x – angka atau pasangan/vektor angka

y – angka atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29

Jika y adalah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

29, x harus sepasang koordinat atau a (e. g. sebagaimana dikembalikan oleh )

Pindahkan kura-kura ke posisi absolut. Jika pena turun, buat garis. Jangan ubah orientasi kura-kura

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

kura-kura. setx(x) Parameter

x – angka (integer atau float)

Setel koordinat pertama kura-kura ke x, biarkan koordinat kedua tidak berubah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

kura-kura. sety(y) Parameter

y – angka (integer atau float)

Setel koordinat kedua kura-kura ke y, biarkan koordinat pertama tidak berubah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

kura-kura. setheading(to_angle)kura-kura. seth(to_angle) Parameter

to_angle – angka (integer atau float)

Atur orientasi kura-kura ke to_angle. Berikut adalah beberapa arah umum dalam derajat

mode standar

modus logo

0 - east

0 - north

90 - north

90 - east

180 - west

180 - south

270 - south

270 - west

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

turtle. home()

Move turtle to the origin – coordinates (0,0) – and set its heading to its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see )

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

turtle. circle(radius , extent=None , steps=None) Parameters

radius – a number

extent – a number (or

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

29)

steps – an integer (or

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

29)

Gambar sebuah lingkaran dengan jari-jari yang diberikan. The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent – an angle – determines which part of the circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent

As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. dot(size=None , *color) Parameters

size – an integer >= 1 (if given)
color – a colorstring or a numeric color tuple

Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color. If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. stempel()

Cap salinan bentuk kura-kura ke kanvas pada posisi kura-kura saat ini. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete it by calling

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. clearstamp(stampid) Parameters

stampid – an integer, must be return value of previous call

Delete stamp with given stampid

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. clearstamps(n=None) Parameters

n – an integer (or

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

29)

Delete all or first/last n of turtle’s stamps. If n is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

29, delete all stamps, if n > 0 delete first n stamps, else if n < 0 delete last n stamps

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. undo()

Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. speed(speed=None) Parameters

speed – an integer in the range 0. 10 or a speedstring (see below)

Set the turtle’s speed to an integer value in the range 0. 10. If no argument is given, return current speed

If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0. 5, speed is set to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows

"tercepat". 0
“fast”. 10
“normal”. 6
“slow”. 3
“slowest”. 1

Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing and turtle turning

Attention. speed = 0 means that no animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

Beritahu keadaan Turtle

turtle. position()turtle. pos()

Return the turtle’s current location (x,y) (as a vector)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. towards(x , y=None) Parameters

x – angka atau pasangan/vektor angka atau turunan kura-kura

y – a number if x is a number, else

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. Ini tergantung pada orientasi awal kura-kura yang bergantung pada mode - "standar"/"dunia" atau "logo"

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

kura-kura. xcor()

Kembalikan koordinat x kura-kura

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

kura-kura. ycor()

Kembalikan koordinat y kura-kura

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

kura-kura. judul()

Kembalikan judul kura-kura saat ini (nilai tergantung pada mode kura-kura, lihat )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

kura-kura. jarak(x , y=None)Parameters

x – angka atau pasangan/vektor angka atau turunan kura-kura

y – a number if x is a number, else

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Mengembalikan jarak dari penyu ke (x,y), vektor yang diberikan, atau penyu lainnya yang diberikan, dalam satuan langkah penyu

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Pengaturan untuk pengukuran

kura-kura. derajat(lingkaran penuh=360. 0) Parameter

lingkaran penuh – sebuah angka

Mengatur satuan pengukuran sudut, i. e. atur jumlah "derajat" untuk satu lingkaran penuh. Nilai default adalah 360 derajat

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

kura-kura. radian()

Atur satuan pengukuran sudut ke radian. Setara dengan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_44

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Kontrol pena

Keadaan menggambar

kura-kura. pendown()kura-kura. pd()kura-kura. turun()

Tarik pena ke bawah – menggambar saat bergerak

kura-kura. penup()kura-kura. pu()kura-kura. naik()

Tarik pena ke atas – tidak ada gambar saat bergerak

kura-kura. pensize(lebar=Tidak ada . )turtle.lebar(lebar=Tidak ada)Parameters

lebar – angka positif

Atur ketebalan garis menjadi lebar atau kembalikan. Jika resizemode diatur ke "otomatis" dan bentuk kura-kura adalah poligon, poligon tersebut digambar dengan ketebalan garis yang sama. Jika tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, pensize saat ini dikembalikan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

kura-kura. pena(pena=Tidak ada, **pendict)Parameters

pena – kamus dengan beberapa atau semua kunci yang tercantum di bawah ini
pendict – satu atau lebih kata kunci-argumen dengan kunci yang tercantum di bawah ini sebagai kata kunci

Kembalikan atau setel atribut pena dalam "kamus pena" dengan pasangan kunci/nilai berikut

"ditampilkan". Benar salah
“penahanan”. Benar salah
“pencat”. color-string atau color-tuple
“mengisi warna”. color-string atau color-tuple
“ukuran pena”. nomor positif
"kecepatan". angka dalam rentang 0. 10
"modus ubah ukuran". "otomatis" atau "pengguna" atau "noresize"
“faktor peregangan”. (bilangan positif, bilangan positif)
"garis besar". nomor positif
"memiringkan". nomor

Kamus ini dapat digunakan sebagai argumen untuk panggilan selanjutnya untuk memulihkan status pena sebelumnya. Selain itu, satu atau lebih dari atribut ini dapat disediakan sebagai argumen kata kunci. Ini dapat digunakan untuk mengatur beberapa atribut pena dalam satu pernyataan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

kura-kura. sedang down()

Kembalikan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_46 jika pena turun,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 jika naik

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Kontrol warna

kura-kura. penwarna(*args)

Kembalikan atau atur warna pena

Empat format masukan diperbolehkan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

_54

Kembalikan pencolor saat ini sebagai string spesifikasi warna atau sebagai tuple (lihat contoh). Dapat digunakan sebagai input untuk panggilan warna/pencolor/fillcolor lain

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_49

Setel warna pena ke string warna, yang merupakan string spesifikasi warna Tk, seperti

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

50,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

51, atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_53

Atur pencolor ke warna RGB yang diwakili oleh tuple r, g, dan b. Masing-masing r, g, dan b harus berada dalam rentang 0. colormode, di mana colormode adalah 1. 0 atau 255 (lihat )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_55

Atur pencolor ke warna RGB yang diwakili oleh r, g, dan b. Masing-masing r, g, dan b harus berada dalam rentang 0. colormode

Jika bentuk kura-kura adalah poligon, garis luar poligon itu digambar dengan pena warna yang baru

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

kura-kura. warna isi(*args)

Kembalikan atau atur warna isian

Empat format masukan diperbolehkan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

_55

Kembalikan fillcolor saat ini sebagai string spesifikasi warna, mungkin dalam format Tuple (lihat contoh). Dapat digunakan sebagai input untuk panggilan warna/pencolor/fillcolor lain

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_57

Atur fillcolor ke colorstring, yang merupakan string spesifikasi warna Tk, seperti

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

50,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

51, atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_61

Atur fillcolor ke warna RGB yang diwakili oleh tuple r, g, dan b. Masing-masing r, g, dan b harus berada dalam rentang 0. colormode, di mana colormode adalah 1. 0 atau 255 (lihat )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_63

Atur fillcolor ke warna RGB yang diwakili oleh r, g, dan b. Masing-masing r, g, dan b harus berada dalam rentang 0. colormode

Jika bentuk kura-kura adalah poligon, bagian dalam poligon itu digambar dengan warna isian yang baru disetel

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

kura-kura. warna(*args)

Kembalikan atau setel warna pena dan warna isi

Beberapa format masukan diperbolehkan. Mereka menggunakan 0 sampai 3 argumen sebagai berikut

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

_53

Kembalikan pencolor saat ini dan fillcolor saat ini sebagai sepasang string atau tupel spesifikasi warna seperti yang dikembalikan oleh dan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_67,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

68,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Input seperti pada , setel keduanya, warna isi dan warna pena, ke nilai yang diberikan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_71,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Setara dengan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

73 dan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

74 dan secara analog jika format input lain digunakan

Jika bentuk kura-kura adalah poligon, garis luar dan bagian dalam poligon itu digambar dengan warna yang baru diatur

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Lihat juga. Metode layar

Isian

kura-kura. mengisi()

Kembalikan status pengisian (

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

46 jika mengisi,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 lainnya)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. begin_fill()

Dipanggil sesaat sebelum menggambar bentuk yang akan diisi

kura-kura. end_fill()

Isi bentuk yang digambar setelah panggilan terakhir ke

Apakah wilayah tumpang tindih untuk poligon berpotongan sendiri atau beberapa bentuk diisi atau tidak tergantung pada grafik sistem operasi, jenis tumpang tindih, dan jumlah tumpang tindih. Misalnya, bintang Turtle di atas mungkin semuanya berwarna kuning atau memiliki beberapa daerah putih

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Lebih banyak kontrol gambar

kura-kura. setel ulang()

Hapus gambar kura-kura dari layar, pusatkan kembali kura-kura dan atur variabel ke nilai default

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. bersih()

Hapus gambar kura-kura dari layar. Jangan pindahkan kura-kura. Keadaan dan posisi kura-kura serta gambar kura-kura lainnya tidak terpengaruh

kura-kura. tulis(arg , pindahkan=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))Parameters

arg – objek yang akan ditulis ke TurtleScreen
bergerak – Benar/Salah
menyelaraskan - salah satu string "kiri", "tengah" atau kanan"
font – triple (nama font, ukuran font, jenis font)

Tulis teks - representasi string dari arg - pada posisi kura-kura saat ini sesuai dengan align ("kiri", "tengah" atau "kanan") dan dengan font yang diberikan. Jika langkah benar, pena dipindahkan ke pojok kanan bawah teks. Secara default, langkahnya adalah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_47

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Negara penyu

Visibilitas

kura-kura. sembunyikan penyu()kura-kura. ht()

Buat kura-kura tidak terlihat. Ini adalah ide bagus untuk melakukan ini saat Anda sedang mengerjakan beberapa gambar yang rumit, karena menyembunyikan kura-kura mempercepat gambar yang diamati.

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. kura-kura show()kura-kura. st()

Buat kura-kura terlihat

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. terlihat()

Kembalikan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_46 jika Turtle ditampilkan,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 jika Turtle disembunyikan

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Penampilan

kura-kura. bentuk(nama=Tidak ada)Parameters

nama – string yang merupakan nama bentuk yang valid

Tetapkan bentuk kura-kura ke bentuk dengan nama yang diberikan atau, jika nama tidak diberikan, kembalikan nama bentuk saat ini. Bentuk dengan nama harus ada di kamus bentuk TurtleScreen. Awalnya ada bentuk poligon berikut. "panah", "kura-kura", "lingkaran", "persegi", "segitiga", "klasik". Untuk mempelajari tentang cara menangani bentuk, lihat Metode layar

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. resizemode(rmode=Tidak ada)Parameters

rmode – salah satu string “auto”, “user”, “noresize”

Atur resizemode ke salah satu nilai. "otomatis", "pengguna", "noresize". Jika rmode tidak diberikan, kembalikan resizemode saat ini. Mode pengubahan ukuran yang berbeda memiliki efek berikut

"mobil". menyesuaikan penampilan kura-kura sesuai dengan nilai pensize
"pengguna". menyesuaikan penampilan kura-kura sesuai dengan nilai-nilai stretchfactor dan outlinewidth (garis besar), yang ditetapkan oleh
“noresize”. tidak ada adaptasi penampilan kura-kura yang terjadi

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_84 dipanggil oleh saat digunakan dengan argumen

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. bentukukuran(stretch_wid=Tidak ada . , stretch_len=None, outline=None)turtle.ukuran penyu(stretch_wid=Tidak ada, stretch_len=None, outline=None)Parameters

stretch_wid – bilangan positif
stretch_len – angka positif
garis besar - angka positif

Kembalikan atau atur atribut pena x/y-stretchfactors dan/atau outline. Setel resizemode ke "pengguna". Jika dan hanya jika resizemode diatur ke "pengguna", kura-kura akan ditampilkan diregangkan sesuai dengan faktor peregangannya. stretch_wid adalah stretchfactor tegak lurus terhadap orientasinya, stretch_len adalah stretchfactor dalam arah orientasinya, outline menentukan lebar dari outline bentuk

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

kura-kura. shearfactor(shear=Tidak ada)Parameters

geser - nomor (opsional)

Set or return the current shearfactor. Geser bentuk-kura-kura sesuai dengan geser faktor geser yang diberikan, yang merupakan garis singgung dari sudut geser. Jangan mengubah heading kura-kura (arah gerakan). Jika geser tidak diberikan. mengembalikan faktor pencukur saat ini, i. e. garis singgung sudut geser, dimana garis yang sejajar dengan kepala kura-kura dipotong

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

kura-kura. miring(sudut) Parameter

sudut – angka

Putar bentuk kura-kura dengan sudut dari sudut kemiringannya saat ini, tetapi jangan mengubah arah kura-kura (arah gerakan)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

kura-kura. settiltangle(angle) Parameter

sudut – angka

Putar bentuk kura-kura untuk menunjuk ke arah yang ditentukan oleh sudut, terlepas dari sudut kemiringannya saat ini. Jangan mengubah heading kura-kura (arah gerakan)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

Tidak digunakan lagi sejak versi 3. 1

kura-kura. kemiringan(sudut=Tidak ada)Parameters

sudut – angka (opsional)

Atur atau kembalikan sudut kemiringan saat ini. Jika sudut diberikan, putar bentuk kura-kura ke arah yang ditentukan oleh sudut, terlepas dari sudut kemiringannya saat ini. Jangan mengubah heading kura-kura (arah gerakan). Jika sudut tidak diberikan. mengembalikan sudut kemiringan saat ini, i. e. sudut antara orientasi bentuk kura-kura dan kepala kura-kura (arah pergerakannya)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

kura-kura. perubahan bentuk(t11=Tidak ada, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None)Parameters

t11 – nomor (opsional)
t12 – nomor (opsional)
t21 – nomor (opsional)
t12 – nomor (opsional)

Tetapkan atau kembalikan matriks transformasi saat ini dari bentuk kura-kura

Jika tidak ada elemen matriks yang diberikan, kembalikan matriks transformasi sebagai tuple dari 4 elemen. Jika tidak atur elemen yang diberikan dan ubah bentuk kura-kura sesuai dengan matriks yang terdiri dari baris pertama t11, t12 dan baris kedua t21, t22. Penentu t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 tidak boleh nol, jika tidak, kesalahan akan muncul. Modifikasi stretchfactor, shearfactor, dan tiltangle sesuai dengan matriks yang diberikan

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

turtle. get_shapepoly()

Kembalikan poligon bentuk saat ini sebagai tupel pasangan koordinat. Ini dapat digunakan untuk menentukan bentuk atau komponen baru dari bentuk majemuk

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

Menggunakan acara

kura-kura. klik(menyenangkan , btn=1, add=None)Parameters

menyenangkan – fungsi dengan dua argumen yang akan dipanggil dengan koordinat titik yang diklik di kanvas
btn – nomor tombol mouse, default ke 1 (tombol kiri mouse)

tambahkan –

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_46 atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 – jika

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

46, pengikatan baru akan ditambahkan, jika tidak maka pengikatan sebelumnya akan diganti

Ikat acara klik mouse yang menyenangkan di kura-kura ini. Jika kesenangan adalah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29, ikatan yang ada dihapus. Contoh untuk kura-kura anonim, i. e. cara prosedural

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

kura-kura. diluncurkan(menyenangkan , btn=1, add=None)Parameters

menyenangkan – fungsi dengan dua argumen yang akan dipanggil dengan koordinat titik yang diklik di kanvas
btn – nomor tombol mouse, default ke 1 (tombol kiri mouse)

tambahkan –

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_46 atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 – jika

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

46, pengikatan baru akan ditambahkan, jika tidak maka pengikatan sebelumnya akan diganti

Ikat kesenangan ke acara pelepasan tombol mouse di kura-kura ini. Jika kesenangan adalah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29, ikatan yang ada dihapus

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

kura-kura. ondrag(menyenangkan , btn=1, add=None)Parameters

menyenangkan – fungsi dengan dua argumen yang akan dipanggil dengan koordinat titik yang diklik di kanvas
btn – nomor tombol mouse, default ke 1 (tombol kiri mouse)

tambahkan –

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_46 atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 – jika

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

46, pengikatan baru akan ditambahkan, jika tidak maka pengikatan sebelumnya akan diganti

Ikat acara yang menyenangkan dengan gerakan mouse di kura-kura ini. Jika kesenangan adalah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29, ikatan yang ada dihapus

Komentar. Setiap rangkaian peristiwa pergerakan mouse pada kura-kura didahului oleh peristiwa klik-mouse pada kura-kura tersebut

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

Selanjutnya, mengklik dan menyeret Turtle akan memindahkannya melintasi layar sehingga menghasilkan gambar tangan (jika pena diturunkan)

Metode Turtle khusus

kura-kura. begin_poly()

Mulai merekam simpul poligon. Posisi turtle saat ini adalah simpul pertama poligon

kura-kura. end_poly()

Berhenti merekam simpul poligon. Posisi turtle saat ini adalah simpul terakhir poligon. Ini akan terhubung dengan simpul pertama

kura-kura. get_poly()

Kembalikan poligon yang terakhir direkam

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

kura-kura. kloning()

Buat dan kembalikan klon kura-kura dengan posisi, arah, dan properti kura-kura yang sama

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

turtle. dapatkan penyu()penyu. getpen()

Kembalikan objek Turtle itu sendiri. Hanya penggunaan yang wajar. sebagai fungsi untuk mengembalikan "kura-kura anonim"

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

kura-kura. getscreen()

Kembalikan objek yang digambar kura-kura. Metode TurtleScreen kemudian dapat dipanggil untuk objek tersebut

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

kura-kura. setundobuffer(ukuran) Parameter

ukuran – bilangan bulat atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29

Setel atau nonaktifkan undobuffer. Jika size adalah bilangan bulat, undobuffer kosong dengan ukuran tertentu akan diinstal. size memberikan jumlah maksimum tindakan turtle yang dapat dibatalkan oleh metode/fungsi. Jika ukurannya

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29, undobuffer dinonaktifkan

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

kura-kura. undobufferentries()

Kembalikan jumlah entri di undobuffer

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Bentuk majemuk

Untuk menggunakan bentuk kura-kura majemuk, yang terdiri dari beberapa poligon dengan warna berbeda, Anda harus menggunakan kelas pembantu secara eksplisit seperti yang dijelaskan di bawah ini

Buat objek Shape kosong dengan tipe "senyawa"

Tambahkan komponen ke objek ini sebanyak yang diinginkan, menggunakan metode

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Sebagai contoh

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Sekarang tambahkan Bentuk ke daftar bentuk Layar dan gunakan itu

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Catatan

Kelas digunakan secara internal oleh metode dengan cara yang berbeda. Pemrogram aplikasi harus berurusan dengan kelas Bentuk hanya saat menggunakan bentuk majemuk seperti yang ditunjukkan di atas

Metode TurtleScreen/Screen dan fungsi yang sesuai

Sebagian besar contoh di bagian ini mengacu pada instance TurtleScreen yang disebut

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Kontrol jendela

kura-kura. bgcolor(*args)Parameters

args – string warna atau tiga angka dalam rentang 0. colormode atau 3-tuple dari nomor tersebut

Atur atau kembalikan warna latar belakang TurtleScreen

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

kura-kura. bgpic(picname=Tidak ada)Parameters

picname – string, nama file gif atau

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

07, atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Tetapkan gambar latar belakang atau kembalikan nama gambar latar belakang saat ini. Jika picname adalah nama file, atur gambar yang sesuai sebagai latar belakang. Jika picname adalah

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_07, hapus gambar latar belakang, jika ada. Jika picname adalah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29, kembalikan nama file dari gambar latar saat ini

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

kura-kura. bersih()

Catatan

Metode TurtleScreen ini tersedia sebagai fungsi global hanya dengan nama

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

11. Fungsi global

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_12 berbeda dengan turunan dari metode Turtle

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. layar jernih()

Hapus semua gambar dan semua kura-kura dari TurtleScreen. Setel ulang TurtleScreen yang sekarang kosong ke keadaan awalnya. latar belakang putih, tidak ada gambar latar belakang, tidak ada pengikatan dan penelusuran acara

kura-kura. setel ulang()

Catatan

Metode TurtleScreen ini tersedia sebagai fungsi global hanya dengan nama

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

14. The global function

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

15 is another one derived from the Turtle method

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. reset layar()

Setel ulang semua Turtle di Layar ke keadaan awalnya

kura-kura. ukuran layar(canvwidth=Tidak ada, canvheight=None, bg=None)Parameters

canvwidth – bilangan bulat positif, lebar kanvas baru dalam piksel
canvheight – bilangan bulat positif, tinggi kanvas baru dalam piksel
bg – colorstring atau color-tuple, warna background baru

Jika tidak ada argumen yang diberikan, kembalikan arus (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Jika tidak, ubah ukuran kanvas yang digambar kura-kura. Jangan mengubah jendela gambar. Untuk mengamati bagian kanvas yang tersembunyi, gunakan bilah gulir. Dengan metode ini, seseorang dapat memperlihatkan bagian-bagian gambar yang sebelumnya berada di luar kanvas

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

e. g. untuk mencari kura-kura yang kabur secara keliru ;-)

kura-kura. setworldcoordinates(llx , lly, urx, ury)Parameters

llx – angka, koordinat x sudut kiri bawah kanvas
lly – angka, koordinat y dari sudut kiri bawah kanvas
urx – angka, koordinat x sudut kanan atas kanvas
ury – angka, koordinat y sudut kanan atas kanvas

Siapkan sistem koordinat yang ditentukan pengguna dan alihkan ke mode "dunia" jika perlu. Ini melakukan

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_17. Jika mode "dunia" sudah aktif, semua gambar digambar ulang sesuai dengan koordinat baru

PERHATIAN. dalam sudut sistem koordinat yang ditentukan pengguna mungkin tampak terdistorsi

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

Kontrol animasi

kura-kura. penundaan(penundaan=Tidak ada)Parameters

tunda – bilangan bulat positif

Setel atau kembalikan penundaan gambar dalam milidetik. (Ini kira-kira interval waktu antara dua pembaruan kanvas berturut-turut. ) Semakin lama penundaan menggambar, semakin lambat animasinya

Argumen opsional

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

kura-kura. pelacak(n=Tidak ada, delay=None)Parameters

n – bilangan bulat nonnegatif
tunda – bilangan bulat nonnegatif

Nyalakan/matikan animasi kura-kura dan setel penundaan untuk memperbarui gambar. Jika n diberikan, hanya setiap pembaruan layar reguler ke-n yang benar-benar dilakukan. (Dapat digunakan untuk mempercepat penggambaran grafik yang rumit. ) Saat dipanggil tanpa argumen, kembalikan nilai n yang disimpan saat ini. Argumen kedua menetapkan nilai delay (lihat )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

kura-kura. perbarui()

Lakukan pembaruan TurtleScreen. Untuk digunakan saat pelacak dimatikan

Lihat juga metode RawTurtle/Turtle

Menggunakan acara layar

kura-kura. dengarkan(xdummy=Tidak ada, ydummy=None)

Tetapkan fokus pada TurtleScreen (untuk mengumpulkan peristiwa penting). Argumen dummy disediakan agar dapat diteruskan ke metode onclick

kura-kura. onkey(fun , key . )turtle.onkeyrelease(fun , key)Parameters

menyenangkan – fungsi tanpa argumen atau ________9______29
kunci – string. kunci (mis. g. "a") atau simbol kunci (mis. g. "ruang angkasa")

Ikat kesenangan ke acara pelepasan kunci dari kunci. Jika kesenangan adalah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29, pengikatan acara akan dihapus. Komentar. agar dapat mendaftarkan peristiwa kunci, TurtleScreen harus memiliki fokus. (Lihat metode. )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

kura-kura. onkeypress(fun , key=None)Parameters

menyenangkan – fungsi tanpa argumen atau ________9______29
kunci – string. kunci (mis. g. "a") atau simbol kunci (mis. g. "ruang angkasa")

Ikat kesenangan ke acara penekanan tombol dari tombol jika kunci diberikan, atau ke acara penekanan tombol apa pun jika tidak ada kunci yang diberikan. Komentar. agar dapat mendaftarkan peristiwa kunci, TurtleScreen harus memiliki fokus. (Lihat metode. )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

kura-kura. klik(menyenangkan , btn . =1, add=None)turtle.klik di layar(menyenangkan , btn=1, add=None)Parameters

menyenangkan – fungsi dengan dua argumen yang akan dipanggil dengan koordinat titik yang diklik di kanvas
btn – nomor tombol mouse, default ke 1 (tombol kiri mouse)

tambahkan –

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_46 atau

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 – jika

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

46, pengikatan baru akan ditambahkan, jika tidak maka pengikatan sebelumnya akan diganti

Ikat kesenangan ke acara klik mouse di layar ini. Jika kesenangan adalah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_29, ikatan yang ada dihapus

Contoh untuk instance TurtleScreen bernama

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

06 dan instance Turtle bernama

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

Catatan

Metode TurtleScreen ini tersedia sebagai fungsi global hanya dengan nama

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

32. Fungsi global

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_33 adalah salah satu turunan dari metode Turtle

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

kura-kura. ontimer(menyenangkan , t=0)Parameters

menyenangkan – fungsi tanpa argumen
t – angka >= 0

Instal pengatur waktu yang memanggil kesenangan setelah t milidetik

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

kura-kura. mainloop()kura-kura. selesai()

Starts event loop - calling Tkinter’s mainloop function. Harus menjadi pernyataan terakhir dalam program grafik kura-kura. Tidak boleh digunakan jika skrip dijalankan dari dalam IDLE dalam mode -n (Tanpa subproses) - untuk penggunaan grafis penyu secara interaktif

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

Metode masukan

kura-kura. masukan teks(judul , prompt)Parameters

judul – string
cepat - string

Munculkan jendela dialog untuk memasukkan string. Judul parameter adalah judul jendela dialog, prompt adalah teks yang sebagian besar menjelaskan informasi apa yang akan dimasukkan. Kembalikan input string. Jika dialog dibatalkan, kembalikan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

kura-kura. numinput(judul , prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None)Parameters

judul – string
cepat - string
default – angka (opsional)
minval – angka (opsional)
maxval – angka (opsional)

Munculkan jendela dialog untuk memasukkan nomor. judul adalah judul jendela dialog, prompt adalah teks yang sebagian besar menjelaskan informasi numerik apa yang akan dimasukkan. bawaan. nilai default, minval. nilai minimum untuk input, maksval. nilai maksimum untuk masukan. Input angka harus dalam range minval. maxval jika ini diberikan. Jika tidak, petunjuk diberikan dan dialog tetap terbuka untuk koreksi. Kembalikan input nomor. Jika dialog dibatalkan, kembalikan

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Pengaturan dan metode khusus

kura-kura. mode(mode=Tidak ada)Parameters

mode – salah satu string “standar”, “logo” atau “dunia”

Setel mode kura-kura ("standar", "logo" atau "dunia") dan lakukan reset. Jika mode tidak diberikan, mode saat ini dikembalikan

Mode "standar" kompatibel dengan yang lama. Mode "logo" kompatibel dengan sebagian besar grafik kura-kura Logo. Mode "dunia" menggunakan "koordinat dunia" yang ditentukan pengguna. Perhatian. dalam mode ini sudut tampak terdistorsi jika

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

38 unit-ratio tidak sama dengan 1

Mode

Penyu pos awal

sudut positif

"standar"

ke kanan (timur)

counterclockwise

"logo"

ke atas (utara)

searah jarum jam

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

kura-kura. colormode(cmode=Tidak ada)Parameters

cmode – salah satu nilai 1. 0 or 255

Kembalikan colormode atau atur ke 1. 0 atau 255. Selanjutnya nilai r, g, b dari tiga kali lipat warna harus berada dalam kisaran 0. *mode cm*

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

kura-kura. getcanvas()

Kembalikan Kanvas TurtleScreen ini. Berguna untuk orang dalam yang tahu apa yang harus dilakukan dengan Tkinter Canvas

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

kura-kura. getshapes()

Kembalikan daftar nama semua bentuk kura-kura yang tersedia saat ini

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

kura-kura. register_shape(nama , bentuk . =None)turtle.addshape(name , shape=None)

There are three different ways to call this function

name is the name of a gif-file and shape is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

29. Install the corresponding image shape

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Catatan

Image shapes do not rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not display the heading of the turtle

name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates. Install the corresponding polygon shape
```
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
```
6
name is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) object. Install the corresponding compound shape

Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen’s shapelist. Only thusly registered shapes can be used by issuing the command

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

turtle. turtles()

Return the list of turtles on the screen

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

turtle. window_height()

Return the height of the turtle window

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

turtle. window_width()

Return the width of the turtle window

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen

turtle. bye()

Shut the turtlegraphics window

turtle. exitonclick()

Bind

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

18 method to mouse clicks on the Screen

If the value “using_IDLE” in the configuration dictionary is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 (default value), also enter mainloop. Remark. If IDLE with the

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

3 switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

46 in

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

46. In this case IDLE’s own mainloop is active also for the client script

turtle. setup(width=_CFG['width'] , height=_CFG['height'] , startx=_CFG['leftright'] , starty=_CFG['topbottom'])

Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

46 file

Parameters

width – if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 50% of screen
height – if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 75% of screen
startx – if positive, starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if
```
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)
```
29, center window horizontally
starty – if positive, starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if
```
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)
```
29, center window vertically

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

turtle. title(titlestring) Parameters

titlestring – a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle graphics window

Set title of turtle window to titlestring

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

Public classes

class turtle. RawTurtle(canvas)class turtle. RawPen(canvas) Parameters

canvas – a

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

6, a or a

Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as “methods of Turtle/RawTurtle”

class turtle. Turtle

Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default object created automatically when needed for the first time

class turtle. TurtleScreen(cv) Parameters

cv – a

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

Provides screen oriented methods like

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

55 etc. that are described above

class turtle. Screen

Subclass of TurtleScreen, with

class turtle. ScrolledCanvas(master) Parameters

master – some Tkinter widget to contain the ScrolledCanvas, i. e. a Tkinter-canvas with scrollbars added

Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as playground for the turtles

class turtle. Shape(type_ , data) Parameters

type_ – one of the strings “polygon”, “image”, “compound”

Data structure modeling shapes. Pasangan

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_56 harus mengikuti spesifikasi ini

type_

data

“polygon”

a polygon-tuple, i. e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates

“image”

an image (in this form only used internally. )

“compound”

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

29 (a compound shape has to be constructed using the method)

addcomponent(poly , fill , outline=None) Parameters

poly – a polygon, i. e. a tuple of pairs of numbers
fill – a color the poly will be filled with
outline – a color for the poly’s outline (if given)

Example

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

See

class turtle. Vec2D(x , y)

Kelas vektor dua dimensi, digunakan sebagai kelas pembantu untuk mengimplementasikan grafik kura-kura. Mungkin juga berguna untuk program grafik penyu. Berasal dari tuple, jadi vektor adalah tuple

Menyediakan (untuk vektor a, b, nomor k)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_59 penjumlahan vektor

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_60 pengurangan vektor

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_61 produk dalam

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_62 dan

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

63 perkalian dengan skalar

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_64 nilai absolut dari a

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

_65 rotasi

Bantuan dan konfigurasi

Cara menggunakan bantuan

The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help facilities

When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the docstrings of typed in function-/method calls

Calling on methods or functions displays the docstrings

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified form
```
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
```
4

These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function definitions that are derived from the methods at import time

Translation of docstrings into different languages

There is a utility to create a dictionary the keys of which are the method names and the values of which are the docstrings of the public methods of the classes Screen and Turtle

turtle. write_docstringdict(filename='turtle_docstringdict') Parameters

filename – a string, used as filename

Create and write docstring-dictionary to a Python script with the given filename. This function has to be called explicitly (it is not used by the turtle graphics classes). The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

67. It is intended to serve as a template for translation of the docstrings into different languages

If you (or your students) want to use with online help in your native language, you have to translate the docstrings and save the resulting file as e. g.

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

If you have an appropriate entry in your

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

46 file this dictionary will be read in at import time and will replace the original English docstrings

At the time of this writing there are docstring dictionaries in German and in Italian. (Requests please to glingl @ aon . at. )

How to configure Screen and Turtles

The built-in default configuration mimics the appearance and behaviour of the old turtle module in order to retain best possible compatibility with it

If you want to use a different configuration which better reflects the features of this module or which better fits to your needs, e. g. for use in a classroom, you can prepare a configuration file

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

46 which will be read at import time and modify the configuration according to its settings

The built in configuration would correspond to the following turtle. cfg

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

Short explanation of selected entries

The first four lines correspond to the arguments of the

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

72 method

Line 5 and 6 correspond to the arguments of the method

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

shape can be any of the built-in shapes, e. g. arrow, turtle, etc. For more info try
```
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
```
74
If you want to use no fillcolor (i. e. make the turtle transparent), you have to write
```
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
```
75 (but all nonempty strings must not have quotes in the cfg-file)

If you want to reflect the turtle its state, you have to use

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

If you set e. g.

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

77 the docstringdict

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

78 will be loaded at import time (if present on the import path, e. g. in the same directory as )

The entries exampleturtle and examplescreen define the names of these objects as they occur in the docstrings. The transformation of method-docstrings to function-docstrings will delete these names from the docstrings

using_IDLE. Set this to

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

46 if you regularly work with IDLE and its

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

3 switch (“no subprocess”). This will prevent to enter the mainloop

There can be a

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

46 file in the directory where is stored and an additional one in the current working directory. The latter will override the settings of the first one

The

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

85 directory contains a

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

46 file. You can study it as an example and see its effects when running the demos (preferably not from within the demo-viewer)

— Demo scripts

The package includes a set of demo scripts. These scripts can be run and viewed using the supplied demo viewer as follows

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

Alternatively, you can run the demo scripts individually. For example,

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

The package directory contains

A demo viewer
```
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
```
90 which can be used to view the sourcecode of the scripts and run them at the same time
Multiple scripts demonstrating different features of the module. Examples can be accessed via the Examples menu. They can also be run standalone

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

46 file which serves as an example of how to write and use such files

The demo scripts are

Name

Description

Features

bytedesign

complex classical turtle graphics pattern

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

96, delay,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

chaos

graphs Verhulst dynamics, shows that computer’s computations can generate results sometimes against the common sense expectations

world coordinates

clock

analog clock showing time of your computer

turtles as clock’s hands, ontimer

colormixer

experiment with r, g, b

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

forest

3 breadth-first trees

randomization

fractalcurves

Kurva Hilbert & Koch

recursion

lindenmayer

ethnomathematics (indian kolams)

L-System

minimal_hanoi

Towers of Hanoi

Rectangular Turtles as Hanoi discs (shape, shapesize)

nim

play the classical nim game with three heaps of sticks against the computer

turtles as nimsticks, event driven (mouse, keyboard)

melukis

program menggambar super minimalis

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

_77

perdamaian

dasar

penyu. penampilan dan animasi

penrose

ubin aperiodik dengan layang-layang dan anak panah

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

_29

planet_dan_bulan

simulasi sistem gravitasi

bentuk majemuk,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

_31

round_dance

kura-kura menari berputar berpasangan berlawanan arah

bentuk majemuk, bentuk klon, kemiringan, get_shapepoly, perbarui

sorting_animate

demonstrasi visual dari berbagai metode penyortiran

penyelarasan sederhana, pengacakan

pohon

pohon lebar pertama (grafis) (menggunakan generator)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

_83

two_canvases

desain sederhana

kura-kura di dua kanvas

wikipedia

a pattern from the wikipedia article on turtle graphics

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

83,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

yinyang

another elementary example

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

Have fun

Changes since Python 2. 6

The methods

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

03,

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

04 and

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

05 have been eliminated. Methods with these names and functionality are now available only as methods of

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

07. The functions derived from these remain available. (In fact already in Python 2. 6 these methods were merely duplications of the corresponding

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

07-methods. )

The method

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

09 has been eliminated. The behaviour of

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

57 and

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

58 have changed slightly. now every filling-process must be completed with an

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

58 call

A method

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

13 has been added. It returns a boolean value.

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

46 if a filling process is under way,

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

47 otherwise. This behaviour corresponds to a

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

16 call without arguments in Python 2. 6

Changes since Python 3. 0

The methods

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

17,

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

18 and

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

19 have been added. Thus the full range of regular linear transforms is now available for transforming turtle shapes.

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

20 has been enhanced in functionality. it now can be used to get or set the tiltangle.

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

21 has been deprecated

The method

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

22 has been added as a complement to

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

23 which in fact binds actions to the keyrelease event. Accordingly the latter has got an alias.

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

The method

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

25 has been added. So when working only with Screen and Turtle objects one must not additionally import

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

05 anymore

Two input methods has been added
```
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
```
27 and
```
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
```
28. These popup input dialogs and return strings and numbers respectively

How do you write I love you using turtle in Python?

Introduction .

Step 1. Importing Turtle Library. .

Step 2. Creating a Cursor and a Separate Canvas. .

Step 3. Creating a Heart Background for the I Love You Program In Python Turtle. .

Step 4. Creating a Function to Draw the Left Curve of our Heart Background. .

Step 5. Creating a Function to Write “I” inside our Heart background

How do you make a love symbol in Python?

Approach. .

Import Turtle

Make Turtle Object

Define a method to draw a curve with simple forward and left moves

Define a method to draw the full heart and fill the red color in it

Define a method to display some text by setting position

Call all the methods in main section

How do you write text in turtle Python?

You can use a turtle to write text. turtle. write('Hello. ') .

The font name such as 'Arial', 'Courier', or 'Times New Roman'

Ukuran font dalam piksel

The font type, which can be 'normal', 'bold', or 'italic'