Why was the West Bank barrier built quizlet

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In 1947-8, 700,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their homes at the hands of militias during the creation of the state of Israel. Hundreds of Palestinian towns and villages were emptied of their populations and destroyed. This tragedy is known as the ‘Nakba’ by Palestinians, and heralded decades of displacement, conflict, and persecution.

The Nakba is still lived by Palestinian refugee families displaced for more than 73 years, many of whom live in refugee camps across the region, including in Lebanon and the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt).

During the July war of 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza, and annexed East Jerusalem. For more than 54 years, Israel’s military occupation has impacted every aspect of daily life for Palestinians: restricting movement, imposing discriminatory control, and threatening homes and livelihoods. Palestinians in Gaza have also lived under 14 years of stifling blockade, collective punishment and repeated military assault.

In every healthcare system it is essential that care is effective and accessible to the population it serves. But for Palestinians living under occupation or as refugees, this access is often denied by the circumstances in which they live, and the restrictions on their underlying civil and political rights.

MAP works across the West Bank and Gaza, and in the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon.

We also undertake advocacy and campaigning in the UK and internationally, seeking to raise Palestinian voices at the highest levels and address the key barriers to health and dignity for Palestinians living under occupation and as refugees.

Over half a century of Israel’s military occupation remains a major obstacle to the availability, accessibility and quality of healthcare for Palestinians in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza. Restricted freedom of movement due to checkpoints, the separation wall, a constrictive regime of permits, and the blockade and closure of Gaza means that patients across the oPt often struggle to get the treatment and care they need. The movement of medical professionals seeking to train and improve their skills, and vital medical equipment deemed a risk to Israel’s security, are often also restricted by the occupation.

Living under occupation brings direct risks to health and life for the 4.8 million residents of the oPt, including violent attacks from illegal Israeli settlers, death and injuries at protests, and the frequent destruction of homes and infrastructure. This constant insecurity, and the protracted nature of the crisis, threatens to deplete the resilience of communities.

The United Nations (UN) has identified more than 1.45 million Palestinians across the oPt requiring health-related humanitarian assistance in 2021, two-thirds of them in Gaza and one third in the West Bank.

As an occupying power, Israel is responsible for ensuring access to healthcare for Palestinians. However, after more than 54 years of occupation, the Palestinian health system remains under-funded and aid-dependent. Israel’s policy of separation between East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza is a key barrier to the creation of a unified, effective system of healthcare for Palestinians.

MAP’s teams work to develop sustainable, Palestinian-led healthcare services to meet these needs. With programmes in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza, we are able to respond and work effectively across the territory despite movement and access restrictions.

Working in partnership with local health providers, we aim to ensure equitable access to essential health services for all Palestinians, particularly those who are most marginalised, such as children, women, and those with disabilities and mental health issues.

Approximately 100,000 of the Palestinians who were expelled from or fled their homes during the Nakba in 1947-8 sought refuge in Lebanon, mostly coming from Galilee and the coastal cities of Jaffa, Haifa and Acre. They settled in refugee camps across the country, which were quickly recognised and organised by the UN. Since then, most Palestinians have not been granted Lebanese citizenship, instead remaining stateless. They have also been denied access to state support, relying on relief services from the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) since it began operations in 1950.

The 15-year Lebanese civil war, which erupted in 1975, had devastating consequences for Palestinians, among others. Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982, and in September the massacre at Sabra and Shatila camps took place, in response to which MAP was founded. After the civil war ended in 1990, Palestinians became more marginalised than ever, with the combination of discrimination inside Lebanon and perpetual displacement from their homeland making them highly vulnerable.

Today, the population of approximately 270,000 Palestinian refugees in Lebanon are banned from working in more than 30 professions, owning property, or accessing vital social services. Conditions in the camps have serious repercussions for the residents’ mental and physical health, but their access to healthcare is limited.

The lack of basic civil rights has had devastating humanitarian consequences for Palestinians in Lebanon, with high unemployment and poverty. This has left Palestinians in Lebanon reliant on UNRWA and severely impacted by the under-funding of its services.

MAP responds to the immediate needs of those who have been displaced, whilst working towards sustainable long-term health development, by building on the resources of the Palestinian community, starting from its civil society.

270,000Palestinian refugees in Lebanon mostly live in 12 camps and informal gatherings

Approximately28,386Palestinian refugees displaced from Syria are living in Lebanon

Recognising that violations of international law and political policies are key barriers to Palestinians’ rights to health and dignity, MAP advocates and campaigns in the UK and internationally for these to be addressed.

Working with international and local partners, we seek to ensure Palestinian voices are heard, and speak out against the injustices Palestinians face on a daily basis. MAP advocates human rights-based policies that will contribute to the health and wellbeing of Palestinians living under occupation and as refugees.

MAP raises issues of concern through briefings with the British government, UK opposition parties, and other international policymakers. In cooperation with the Council for Arab-British Understanding (Caabu), MAP supports delegations of British parliamentarians to travel to the oPt to see for themselves the situation faced by Palestinians. On return, many MPs have been keen to speak out about the conditions and have called on the UK Government to act to end policies that are harmful to Palestinian health and dignity.

MAP also engages regularly with the bodies and mechanisms of the UN, supporting our partners and the communities we work with to have their voices heard at the highest levels. We produce rigorous reports and policy analysis, often in cooperation with other international aid agencies and local partners, to challenge policies and practices that impact the health of Palestinians.

Read MAP's latest reports, briefings and factsheets here.

Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following shall apply:

Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, or designated representative.

Blood means human blood, human blood components, and products made from human blood.

Bloodborne Pathogens means pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Clinical Laboratory means a workplace where diagnostic or other screening procedures are performed on blood or other potentially infectious materials.

Contaminated means the presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface.

Contaminated Laundry means laundry which has been soiled with blood or other potentially infectious materials or may contain sharps.

Contaminated Sharps means any contaminated object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, broken glass, broken capillary tubes, and exposed ends of dental wires.

Decontamination means the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal.

Director means the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or designated representative.

Engineering Controls means controls (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devices, such as sharps with engineered sharps injury protections and needleless systems) that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens hazard from the workplace.

Exposure Incident means a specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties.

Handwashing Facilities means a facility providing an adequate supply of running potable water, soap, and single-use towels or air-drying machines.

Licensed Healthcare Professional is a person whose legally permitted scope of practice allows him or her to independently perform the activities required by paragraph (f) Hepatitis B Vaccination and Post-exposure Evaluation and Follow-up.

HBV means hepatitis B virus.

HIV means human immunodeficiency virus.

Needleless systems means a device that does not use needles for:

Occupational Exposure means reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties.

Other Potentially Infectious Materials means

Parenteral means piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needlesticks, human bites, cuts, and abrasions.

Personal Protective Equipment is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard. General work clothes (e.g., uniforms, pants, shirts or blouses) not intended to function as protection against a hazard are not considered to be personal protective equipment.

Production Facility means a facility engaged in industrial-scale, large-volume or high concentration production of HIV or HBV.

Regulated Waste means liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious materials; contaminated items that would release blood or other potentially infectious materials in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed; items that are caked with dried blood or other potentially infectious materials and are capable of releasing these materials during handling; contaminated sharps; and pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or other potentially infectious materials.

Research Laboratory means a laboratory producing or using research-laboratory-scale amounts of HIV or HBV. Research laboratories may produce high concentrations of HIV or HBV but not in the volume found in production facilities.

Sharps with engineered sharps injury protections means a nonneedle sharp or a needle device used for withdrawing body fluids, accessing a vein or artery, or administering medications or other fluids, with a built-in safety feature or mechanism that effectively reduces the risk of an exposure incident.

Source Individual means any individual, living or dead, whose blood or other potentially infectious materials may be a source of occupational exposure to the employee. Examples include, but are not limited to, hospital and clinic patients; clients in institutions for the developmentally disabled; trauma victims; clients of drug and alcohol treatment facilities; residents of hospices and nursing homes; human remains; and individuals who donate or sell blood or blood components.

Sterilize means the use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life including highly resistant bacterial endospores.

Universal Precautions is an approach to infection control. According to the concept of Universal Precautions, all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.

Work Practice Controls means controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed (e.g., prohibiting recapping of needles by a two-handed technique).