Which was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 Class 10

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• Answer:

  From the very beginning the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity among the French people.

  (i) The idea of a fatherland (La patrie) and citizen (Le citoyen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

  (ii) A new French Flag, the tri colour was chosen to replace the tri colour.

  The Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly.

   
  

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• Answer:

  The process of German unification:

  (i) By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarchy in Germany.

  (ii) Failure of Frankfurt Parliament made it clear that German unification had to come through combined effort of monarchy and military supported by large landowners.

  (iii) From 1848, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement of national unification.

  (iv) In this process, Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, proved to be the main architect. He reached his goal with the help of Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars in seven years - with Austria, Denmark and France which ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of German unification.

  On 18th Jan. 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian Ministers including Otto von Bismarck gathered in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia. The erstwhile German confederation consisting of 39 states now was united into one empire through the effort of Bismarck under the leadership of Prussia.

   
  

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• Answer:

  Refer to Ans. 7 (4 Marks).
  

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• Answer:

  Though the idea of nation-states was accepted by all countries as natural and universal, the people everywhere had developed their own specific ways of national development.

  Balkan region in eastern Europe presented a unique example of how the rebellious nationalities in the Balkan region struggled to win back their long-lost independence.

  Balkans was the region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Montenegro. The inhabitants belonged to the ethnic group called the Slavs. Large part of the Balkans were under the control of the declining Ottoman Empire. Imperial powers of Europe competed with one another to extend control over the region because of the strategic position of Balkan region. This resulted in intense rivalry among these powers.

  Despite belonging to one ethnic group the people of Balkan regions were separated from each other because of domination of other powers.

  The spread of nationalist ideas among the Slavs together with the disintegration of Ottoman empire made this region very explosive. Balkan area thus became an area of intense conflicts leading to series of wars in the region. These conflicts eventually culminated in the First World War.

   
  

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Option 'C' Balkans is the correct answer because of the following reasons-->* The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day ,Romania ,Bulgaria Greece.*it became part of conflict because of the Ottoman Empire occupation.* the Ottoman Empire was powerless to suppress the nationalism of its ethnic people.

* due to lack of power in this region led the ethnic groups to struggle to get independence.

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*The Balkan region became part of the conflict because of the Ottoman Empire occupation in the region, where the idea of nationalism was rising.

*The Balkans region comprised of ethnic groups included Greeks, Macedonians, Albanians, Bulgarians, Romanians, Serbs, and Montenegrins.

*The Ottoman Empire was powerless to suppress the nationalism of its ethnic peoples.

*Due to the lack of power in the Balkan region led ethnic groups to struggle to win back their lost independence.

*Slavic nationalities struggled to establish their identity and independence. Therefore, the Balkan area became a serious conflict.

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