What method of prevention does incarceration in the Supermax utilize

  1. Adler NE: Health disparities: what's optimism got to do with it? Journal of Adolescent Health 2007, 40(2):106–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adler NE, Stewart J: Health disparities across the lifespan: Meaning, methods, and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010, 1186(1):5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Alexander M: The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Andersen ML, Collins PH: Race, class, and gender: An anthology. 3rd edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co.; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Applebaum PS: Lost in the crowd: Prison mental health care, overcrowding and the courts. Journal of Psychiatric Services 2011, 62(10):1121–1123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Archer J: A prison diary, Volume 1: Hell. London: Pan Macmillan; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Awofeso N: Disciplinary architecture: Prison design and prisoners’ health. Hektoen International: A Journal of Medical Humanities 2011, 3: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bazemore G, Maruna S: Restorative justice in the reentry context: Building new theory and expanding the evidence base. Victims and Offenders 2009, 4(4):375–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Berkman LF: Social epidemiology: Social determinants of health in the United States: Are we losing ground? Annual Review of Public Health 2009, 30: 27–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Binswanger IA, Stern MF, Deyo RA, Heagerty PJ, Cheadle A, Elmore JG, Koepsell TD: Release from prison – A high risk of death for former inmates. New England Journal of Medicine 2007, 356: 157–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Binswanger IA, Krueger PM, Steiner JF: Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009, 63(11):912–919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Binswanger IA, Blatchford PJ, Lindsay RG, Stern MF: Risk factors for all-cause, overdose and early deaths after release from prison in Washington state. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011, 117(2011):1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Binswanger IA, Nowels C, Corsi KF, Glanz J, Long J, Booth RE, Steiner JF: Return to drug use and overdose after release. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 2012, 7(3):1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blanc A, Lauwers V, Telmon N, Rouge D: The effect of incarceration on prisoners’ perception of their health. Journal of Community Health 2001, 26(5):367–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bonczar TP: Prevalence of imprisonment in the U.S. population, 1974–2001. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Boutwell A, Rich JD: HIV infection behind bars. Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004, 38(12):1761–1763.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bowers MM, Preuhs RR: Collateral consequences of a collateral penalty: The negative effect of felon disenfranchisement laws on the political participation of nonfelons. Social Science Quarterly 2009, 90(3):722–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Turner WL: Health impact of incarceration on HIV positive African American males. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2013. in press in press

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bronfenbrenner U: The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Calcaterra S, Blatchford P, Friedmann PD, Binswanger IA: Psychostimulant-related deaths among former inmates. Journal of Addiction Medicine 2012, 6(2):97–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Carson AE, Sabol WJ: Prisoners in 2011. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Catz SL, Thibodeau L, BlueSpruce J, Yard SS, Seal DW, Amico KR, Bogart LM, Mahoney C, Balderson BHK, Sosman JM: Prevention needs of HIV positive men and women awaiting release from prison. AIDS & Behavior 2012, 16(1):108–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Centers for Disease Control: Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2009. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Centers for Disease Control: Hepatitis C and incarceration fact sheet. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chappell CA: Post-secondary correctional education and recidivism: A meta-analysis of research conducted 1990–1999. The Journal of Correctional Education 2004, 55(2):148–169.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Choudhry UK, Jandu S, Mahal J, Singh R, Sohi-Pabla H, Mutta B: Health promotion and participatory action research with South Asian women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2002, 34(1):75–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Clear T: Imprisoning communities: How mass incarceration makes disadvantaged neighborhoods worse. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  28. Clear T: A private-sector, incentives-based model for justice reinvestment. Criminology and Public Policy 2011, 10(3):583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Cnaan RA, Draine JN, Frazier B, Sinha JW: The limits of citizenship: Rights of prisoners and ex-prisoners in USA. Journal of Policy Practice 2008, 7(2):178–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Collins PH: Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Comfort M: Doing time together: Love and family in the shadow of the prison. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2008.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH).: Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cornwall A, Jewkes R: What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine 2010, 41(12):1667–1676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Crayton A, Neusteter SR: The current state of correctional education. New York, NY: Prisoner Reentry Institute at John Jay College of Criminal Justice; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Daniel AE, Fleming J: Suicide in a state correctional system 1992–2002: A review. Journal of Correctional Health Care 2006, 12(1):24–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. de Viggiani N: Unhealthy prisons: exploring structural determinants of prison health. Sociology of Health and Illness 2007, 29(1):115–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Draine J, Ahuja D, Altice FL, Arriola J, Avery AK, Beckwith CG, Booker CA, Ferguson A, Figueroa H, Lincoln T, Ouellet LJ, Porterfield J, Spaulding AC, Tinsley MJ: Strategies to enhance linkages between care for HIV/AIDS in jail and community settings. AIDS Care 2011, 23(3):366–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Draine J, Salzer MS, Culhane DP, Hadley TR: Role of social disadvantage in crime, joblessness, and homelessness among persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2002, 53(5):565–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Drucker E: A Plague of prisons: The epidemiology of mass incarceration. New York: The New Press; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Dumont DM, Allen SA, Brockman BW, Alexander NE, Rich JD: Incarceration, community health and racial disparities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2013, 24: 78–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Durose MR, Mumola CJ: Profile of nonviolent offenders existing state prisons. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Earnshaw VA, Smith LR, Chaudoir SR, Amico R, Copenhaver MM: HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: A test of the HIV stigma framework. AIDS & Behavior 2013. epub ahead of print epub ahead of print

    Google Scholar 

  43. Farbring CA, Johnson WR: Motivational interviewing in the correctional system: An attempt to implement motivational interviewing in criminal justice. In Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems. Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems. Edited by: Arkowitz H, Westra HA, Miller WR, Rollnick S. New York: The Guilford Press; 2008:304–323.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fazel S, Danesh J: Serious mental disorder in 23000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet 2002, 359(9306):545–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Federal Bureau of Investigation: Crime in the United States, 2009. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fellner J: Decades of disparity: Drug arrests and race in the US. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Fellner J: Targeting blacks: Drug law enforcement and race in the US. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Flinchum T, Jones K, Hevener G, Ketzenelson S, Moore-Gurrera M: Correctional program evaluation: Offenders placed on probation or released from prison in fiscal year 2001/02. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Sentencing and Policy Advisory Commission; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Gabriel MA: AIDS trauma and support group therapy: Mutual aid, empowerment, connection. New York: Simon and Schuster; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ganann R: Opportunities and challenges associated with engaging immigrant women in participatory action research. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2013, 15(2):341–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Geller A, Cooper CE, Garfinkel I, Schwartz-Soicher O, Mincy RB: Beyond absenteeism: Father incarceration and child development. Demography 2012, 49(1):49–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Geller A, Garfinkel I, Western B: The effects of incarceration on employment and wages: An analysis of the Fragile Families Survey. Washington, D.C.: Center for Research on Child Wellbeing; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Geller A, Garfinkel I, Cooper CE, Mincy RB: Parental incarceration and child well being: Implications for urban families. Soc Sci Q 2009, 90(5):1186–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Geller A, Garfinkel I, Western B: Paternal incarceration and support for children in fragile families. Demography 2011, 48(1):25–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Geronimus AT, Thompson JP: Racial inequality in health and the policy-induced breakdown of African American communities. In Urban health and society: Interdisciplinary approaches to research and practice. Edited by: Freudenberg N, Klitzman S, Saegert S. San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Glaze L: Correctional populations in the United States, 2011. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Goffman E: Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Goldstein EH, Warner-Robbins C, McClean C, Macatula L, Conklin R: A peer-driven management community reentry model: An application for jails and prisons. Family and Community Health 2009, 32(4):309–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Golinelli D, Carson EA: Prisoners in 2012: Advance counts. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Guydish J, Chan M, Bostrom A, Jessup MA, Davis TB, Marsh C: A randomized trial of probation case management for drug involved women offenders. Crime & Delinquency 2011, 57(2):167–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Hairston CF: Focus on children with incarcerated parents: An overview of the research literature. Washington, D.C.: Annie E. Casey Foundation; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Haney C: Mental health issues in long-term solitary and “supermax” confinement. Crime and Delinquency 2003, 49(1):124–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Harlow CW: Education and correctional populations. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hatton DC, Kleffel D, Fisher AA: Prisoners’ perspectives of health problems and healthcare in a US women’s jail. Women & Health 2007, 44(1):119–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG: Stigma as a Fundamental Cause of Population Health Inequalities. American Journal of Public Health 2013, 103(5):813–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Heron M, Hoyert DL, et al.: Deaths: Final data for 2006. National Vital Statitstics Report 2009, 57(14):1–134.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Horton A: Heroin users: The need for improved treatment for incarcerated women. Social Work in Public Health 2011, 26(2):176–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Huey M, McNulty T: Institutional conditions and prison suicide: Conditional effects of deprivation and overcrowding. The Prison Journal 2005, 85(4):477–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Iguchi MY, Bell J, Ramchand RN, Fain T: How criminal system racial disparities may translate into health disparities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2005, 16(4):48–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Johnson LM, Simons RL, Conger RD: Criminal justice system involvement and continuity of youth crime: A longitudinal analysis. Youth & Society 2004, 36(1):3–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Johnson R: Brave new prisons: The growing social isolation of modern penal institutions. In The effects of imprisonment. Edited by: Liebling A, Maruna S. UK: Willan Publishing; 2005:255–284.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Jewkes Y: The use of media in constructing identities in the masculine environment of men’s prisons. European Journal of Communication 2002, 17: 205–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Justice Mapping Center: Multi-million dollar blocks of Brownsville. New York, NY: Justice Mapping Center; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Karb RA, Elliott MR, Dowd JB, Morenoff JD: Neighborhood-level stressors, social support, and diurnal patterns of cortisol: The Chicago community adult health study. Social Science & Medicine 2013, 75(6):1038–1047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Khan MR, Behrend L, Adimora AA, Weir SS, White BL, Wohl DA: Dissolution of primary intimate relationships during incarceration and implications for post-release HIV transmission. Journal of Urban Health 2011, 88(2):365–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. King R: The effects of supermax custody. In The Effects of Imprisonment. Edited by: Liebling A, Maruna S. UK: Willan Publishing; 2005:118–145.

    Google Scholar 

  77. King R: The rise and rise of supermax: An American solution in search of a problem? In Prison Readings: A Critical Introduction to Prisons and Imprisonment. Edited by: Jewkes , Johnston H. UK: Willan Publishing; 2006:84–93.

    Google Scholar 

  78. King RS: Expanding the vote: State felony disenfranchisement reform, 1997–2008. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Knowlton AR: Informal HIV caregiving in a vulnerable population: Toward a network resource framework. Social Science and Medicine 2003, 56(6):1307–1320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Kurgan L: Up close at a distance: Mapping technology and politics. New York, NY: Zone Books; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Kurki L, Morris N: Supermax prisons. In Crime and justice: A review of research. Edited by: Tonry MH. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2001:385–424.

    Google Scholar 

  82. La Vigne N, Visher C, Castro J: Chicago prisoners’ experience returning home. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  83. La Vigne N, Davies E, Palmer T, Halberstadt R: Release planning for successful reentry: A guide for corrections, service providers, and community groups. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lamb HR, Weinberger LE: One-year follow-up of persons discharged from a locked intermediate care facility. Journal of Psychiatric Services 2005, 56(2):198–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Lauby JL, Marks G, Bingham T, Liu KL, Liau A, Stueve A, Millett GA: Having supportive social relationships is associated with reduced risk of unrecognized HIV infection among Black and Latino men who have sex with men. AIDS & Behavior 2012, 16(3):508–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Liem M, Kunst M: Is there a recognizable post-incarceration syndrome among released lifers. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2013. in press in press

    Google Scholar 

  87. Link BG, Phelan J, Tehranifar P: Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2010, 51(1):S28-S40.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lachman P, Neusteter SR: Tracking costs and savings through justice reinvestment. Washington, DC: Urban Institute; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lurigio AJ, Swartz JA: Changing the contours of the criminal justice system to meet the needs of persons with serious mental illness. In Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system. Edited by: Horney J. Department of Justice: Washington, D.C; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Lyons S, Walsh N: Money well spent: How positive social investments will reduce incarceration rates, improve public safety, and promote the well-being of communities. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Magee CG, Hult JR, Turalba R, McMillan S: Preventative care for women in prison: A qualitative community health assessment of the Papanicolaou test and treat follow-up treatment at a California state women’s prison. American Journal of Public Health 2005, 95(10):1712–1717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Mallik-Kane K, Visher CA: Health and prisoner reentry: How physical, mental and substance abuse conditions shape the process of reintegration. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Marshall T, Simpson S, Stevens A: Health care in prisons: A health care needs assessment. Birmingham: University of Birmingham; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Maruschak L: HIV in prisons, 2004. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2006.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  95. Massoglia M: Incarceration as exposure: The prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2008, 49(1):56–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Mauer M, Chesney L: Invisible punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment. New York, NY: The New Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Maruna S: Lessons for justice reinvestment from restorative justice and the justice model experience. Criminology and Public Policy 2011, 10(3):661–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Masuda A, Anderson PL, Edmonds J: Help-seeking attitudes, mental health stigma, and self-concealment among African American college students. Journal of Black Studies 2012, 43(7):773–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Media Justice Fund of the Funding Exchange: Criminal charges: Excessive prison phone rates take a toll on innocent families. New York: The Funding Exchange; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  100. McCall L: The complexity of intersectionality. Signs 2005, 30(3):1771–1800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Metraux S, Culhane DP: Homelessness, shelter use and reincarceration following prison release. Criminology and Public Policy 2004, 3(2):139–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Miech R, Pampel F, Kim J, Rogers RG: The enduring association between education and mortality: the role of widening and narrowing disparities. American Sociological Review 2011, 76(6):1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Miller TA: Sex and surveillance: Gender, privacy and the sexualization of power in prison. George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 2000, 291(10):1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Mitchell O, Wilson DB, Eggers A, MacKenzie DL: Assessing the effectiveness of drug courts on recidivism: A meta-analytic review of traditional and non-traditional drug courts. Journal of Criminal Justice 2012, 40(1):60–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Mitton C, Simpson L, Gardner L, Barnes F, Mcdougall G: Calgary diversion program: A community-based alternative to incarceration for mentally ill offenders. The Jounral of Mental Health Policy and Economics 2007, 10(3):145–151.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Murayama H, Fujiwara Y, Kawachi I: Social capital and health: A review of prospective multilevel stages. Journal of Epidemiology 2012, 22(3):179–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Naser RL, Visher CA: Family members’ experiences with incarceration and reentry. Western Criminology Review 2006, 7(2):20–31.

    Google Scholar 

  108. National Institute of Justice: Historical Corrections Statistics in the United State, 1850–1984. Washington, D.C.: GPO; 1984:1986.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Newman WJ, Scott CL: Brown v. Plata : Prison overcrowding in California. Journal of Academic Psychiatry Law 2013, 40(4):547–552.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Pager D: Marked: Race, crime, and finding work in an era of mass incarceration. New York: Westview Press; 2007.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  111. Patterson E: Incarcerating death: Mortality in U.S. state correctional facilities, 1985–1998. Demography 2010, 47(3):587–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Patterson E: The dose–response of time served in prison on mortality: New York state, 1989–2003. American Journal of Public Health 2013, 103(3):523–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Petersilia J: When prisoners come home. New York: The New Press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Pew Center on the States: State of recidivism: The revolving door of America’s prisons. Washington, DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Phillips SD: The Affordable Care Act: Implications for public safety and corrections populations. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Phillips SD, Erkanli A, Keeler GP, Costello EJ, Angold A: Disentangling the risks: Parent criminal justice involvement and children’s exposure to family risks. Criminology and Public Policy 2006, 5(4):677–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Prince JD: Incarceration and hospital care. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2006, 194(1):34–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Rabe K: Prison structure, inmate mortality and suicide risk in Europe. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2012, 35(3):222–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Ramaswamy M, Freudenberg N: Sex partnerships, health, and social risks of young men leaving jail: Analyzing data from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2010, 10(1):689–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Rappaport J: In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology 1981, 9(1):1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Raphael S, Stoll MA: Why are so many Americans in prison? In Do prisons make us safer? The benefits and costs of the prison boom. Edited by: Raphael S, Stoll MA. New York: Russell Sage; 2009:27–72.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Rhodes LA: Pathological effects of the supermaximum prison. American Journal of Public Health 2005, 95(10):1692–1695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Rose DR, Clear TR, Waring E, Scully K: Coercive mobility and crime: A preliminary examination of concentrated incarceration and social disorganization. Justice Quarterly 2003, 20(1):33–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Rosen DL, Wohl DA, Schoenbach VJ: All-cause and cause-specific mortality among black and white North Carolina state prisoners, 1995–2005. Annuals of Epidemiology 2011, 21(10):719–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Ross CE: Collective threat, trust and the sense of personal control. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2011, 52(3):287–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Rotter M, McQuistion HL, Broner N, Steinbacher M: The impact of the “incarceration culture” on reentry for adults with mental illness: A training and group treatment model. Psychiatric Services 2005, 56: 265–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Sabol WJ, Couture H: Prison inmates at midyear, 2007. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2008.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  128. Sampson RJ, Loeffler C: Punishment’s place: The local concentration of mass incarceration. Daedalus 2010, 139(3):20–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Santoro K: Public and private sector initiatives are reducing health disparities among children: A conversation with Kathryn Santoro, MA, director of health policy and development of the national institute for health management foundation. Washington, DC: AHRQ; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Sarason BR, Sarason IG, Gurung RAR, Duck S: Close personal relationships and health outcomes: A key to the role of social support. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Schnittker J, Massoglia M, Uggen C: Out and down: Incarceration and psychiatric disorders. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2012, 53(4):448–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Schmitt J, Warner K, Gupta S: The high budgetary cost of incarceration. Washington, DC: The Center for Economic and Policy Research; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Schwartz-Soicher O, Geller A, Garfinkel I: The effects of paternal incarceration on material hardship. Social Service Review 2011, 85: 447–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Shalev S: Inside a supermax. Prison Service Journal 2009, 181: 21–25.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Sowell RL, Phillips KD, Seals BF, Hampton Julious C, Rush C, Spruill LK: Social service case management needs of HIV-infected persons upon release from prison/jail. Lippincott's Case Management 2001, 6(4):157–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Spaulding AC, Seals RM, McCallum VA, Perez SD, Brzozowski AK, Steenland NK: Prisoner survival inside and outside of the institution: Implications for health-care planning. American Journal of Epidemiology 2011, 173(5):479–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Sykes D: The society of captives: A study of a maximum security prison. New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Trammel R: Enforcing the convict code: Violence and prison culture. Colorado: Reinner Publishers; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Travis J: Invisible punishment: An instrument of social exclusion. In Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment. Edited by: Mauer M, Chesney-Lind M. Washington, D.C.: New Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Travis J, Crayton A: Offender reentry. Twenty first century criminology: A reference handbook. Edited by: Mitchell Miller J. Washington D.C: Sage Publications; 2009:XX-XX. Vol. 2

    Google Scholar 

  141. Tyler J, Walsh N, Dusenberry E: Higher education in prison: A smart investment for public policy. Justice Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.: Draft Report; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  142. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics: Survey of inmates in state and federal correctional facilities, 2004. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  143. United States Census Bureau: Income, expenditures, poverty and wealth. Washington, D.C.: Census Bureau; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  144. van Olphen J, Eliason MJ, Freudenberg N, Barnes M: Nowhere to go: How stigma limits the options of female drug users after release from jail. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2009, 4: 10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Vanable PA, Carey MP, Blair DC, Littlewood RA: Impact of HIV-related stigma on health behaviors and psychological adjustment among HIV positive men and women. AIDS & Behavior 2006, 10(5):473–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Veenstra G: Race, gender, class, and sexual orientation: Intersecting axes of inequality and self-rated health in Canada. International Journal of Equity in Health 2011, 10: 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Visher C, Courtney SME: One year out: Experiences of prisoners returning to Cleveland. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Wacquant L: The curious eclipse of prison ethnography in the age of mass incarceration. Ethnography 2002, 3(4):371–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Wacqant L: Class race and hyperincarceration in revanchist America. Daedalus 2010, 139(3):74–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Wakefield S, Wildeman C: Mass imprisonment and racial disparities in childhood behavioral problems. Criminology and Public Policy 2011, 10(3):793–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Way BB, Miraglia D, Sawyer R, Beer R, Eddy J: Factors related to suicide in New York state prisons. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2005, 28: 207–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Wenzlow AT, Ireys HT, Mann B, Irvin C, Teich JL: Effects of a discharge planning program on Medicaid coverage of state prisoners with mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2011, 62(1):73–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Western B, Schiraldi V, Ziedenberg J: Education and incarceration. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Wildeman C, Western B: Incarceration in fragile families. Future of Children 2010, 20(2):157–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Williams DR, Mohammed SA, Leavell J, Collins C: Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010, 1186(1):69–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Wilper AP, Woolhandler S, Boyd JW, Lasster KE, McCormick D, Bor DH, Himmelstein DU: The health and healthcare of US prisoners: Results of a nationwide survey. Am J Public Health 2009, 99(4):666–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Woolf SH, Johnson RE, Geiger HJ: The rising prevalence of severe poverty in America: A growing threat to public health. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 2006, 31(4):332–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Wright JD: Poor people, poor health: The health status of the homeless. Journal of Social Issues 2010, 46(4):49–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 


Page 2

Skip to main content

From: Incarceration as a catalyst for worsening health

  Mechanism Individual, Family and/or Community Health Impacts
Prison Environment Deprivation • Disempowerment
• Negative and violent confrontations during and after release
Prison Code • Inability to sustain case management
Coercion • Severance of social support
Prison Conditions • Poor ventilation
• Overcrowding
• Isolation
Provision of Correctional Healthcare • Stabilizing, but can:
Lack quality
Lack access
Lack of Comprehensive Incarceration Programs and Discharge Planning • Existing substance abuse or mental health issues can be exacerbated
• Lack of support during post-release transition
Post-Release Continued Loss of Social Support • Severance of social relationships
Enduring Stigma • Disenfranchisement
• Barrier to help-seeking behavior
• Obstacle to linkage to medical and social services
• Negative psychological adjustment
• Disempowerment
Macro-Policy Level Several Large Scale Policies that Restrict the Rights of Formerly Incarcerated Populations • Financial insecurity
• Inability to obtain food stamps and other health benefits
• Unstable housing
• Disenfranchisement
• Disempowerment
• Cyclical Poverty
• Re-incarceration